1. Does Alaska an annual festival celebrating the diverse cultures of its native population?

Yes, Alaska has an annual festival called the “Alaska Native Heritage Month” that celebrates the diverse cultures of its native population. The festival takes place every November and includes events such as traditional dance performances, artisan markets, and cultural exhibits.

2. What is the significance of the State Day celebration in Alaska and how is it commemorated?

State Day is the annual celebration of Alaska’s statehood, which occurred on January 3, 1959. This day is significant because it marks the official recognition and admission of Alaska as the 49th state of the United States.

The State Day celebration in Alaska is typically a time for reflection on the state’s history, culture, and achievements. It also serves as an opportunity for Alaskans to gather together and celebrate their state pride and identity.

The commemoration of State Day usually involves various events and activities across the state. These may include parades, flag ceremonies, concerts, festivals, cultural exhibits, and speeches by local leaders or politicians. Many communities also organize special events such as ice sculpture contests or dog sled races to honor Alaskan traditions.

In addition to public celebrations, many schools incorporate State Day into their curriculum by teaching students about Alaska’s history and culture. Some workplaces may also close for the day or hold special events to recognize the holiday.

Overall, State Day serves as an important reminder of Alaska’s unique identity within the United States and provides an opportunity for people to come together in celebration of their state.

3. How does Alaska celebrate its historical heritage through events and festivals?

Alaska celebrates its historical heritage through various events and festivals that bring together communities, showcase traditions, and educate people about the state’s rich history. Some of these events and festivals include:

1. Alaska Folk Festival: Held in Juneau every April, this festival celebrates the traditional music, dance, and storytelling of Alaska’s diverse cultural groups.

2. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race: Known as the “Last Great Race on Earth,” this annual event commemorates the historic sled dog race between Anchorage and Nome that saved the city from a diphtheria epidemic in 1925.

3. Alaska Day Festival: This festival is held every October 18th to commemorate the transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States in 1867.

4. Fur Rendezvous Festival: Also known as “Fur Rondy,” this winter festival in Anchorage showcases Alaska’s fur-trading heritage through events such as sled dog races, snow sculpture competitions, and a fur auction.

5. Gold Rush Days: This festival in Valdez celebrates the town’s gold-mining history with activities like panning for gold, historical reenactments, and a parade.

6. World Eskimo-Indian Olympics: This annual event brings together Indigenous athletes from across Alaska to compete in traditional games such as seal skinning, blanket toss, and ear-pull.

7. Sitka Whalefest: Held every November in Sitka, this event celebrates the rich marine heritage of Alaska with educational programs, workshops, art exhibits, and cultural performances.

8. First Friday Art Walks: Many towns in Alaska have monthly art walks that highlight local artists and galleries while incorporating elements of indigenous culture into their displays.

9. Independence Day Celebrations: On July 4th, towns across Alaska hold parades, barbeques, concerts, and other festivities to commemorate America’s independence while also showcasing Alaskan traditions.

10. Native Heritage Center Gathering: This annual event in Anchorage brings together representatives from Alaska’s diverse Indigenous groups to share their cultures through traditional song, dance, storytelling, and art.

4. What can visitors expect from the lively street parades during Alaska’s carnival festivities?

Visitors can expect a lively and colorful display of traditional Alaskan and Native American costumes, music, dance, and cultural performances. There may also be floats, large puppets, stilt walkers, and other creative installations. The parades often feature different themes each year and showcase the unique history and culture of the state. Spectators can join in the celebrations by wearing festive clothing or masks. The atmosphere is energetic and family-friendly, with opportunities to try local food and participate in activities along the parade route.

5. In what ways do local communities participate in arts and crafts exhibitions at Alaska’s cultural fair?

1. Displaying their own artwork: Local artists and crafters may have the opportunity to showcase their work at the cultural fair, whether it be traditional Native American art or contemporary pieces.

2. Demonstrations: Many fairs offer live demonstrations of various arts and crafts, giving community members a chance to learn new techniques and see local artists at work.

3. Teaching workshops: Artists may also offer workshops at the fair, giving attendees a hands-on experience in creating their own artwork or craft.

4. Vendor booths: Local businesses and organizations focused on arts and crafts may set up booths at the fair to sell their products and promote their services.

5. Juried competitions: Some cultural fairs hold juried competitions for arts and crafts, allowing local artists to submit their work for a chance to win prizes and gain recognition within the community.

6. Collaborative projects: Arts and crafts exhibitions at cultural fairs may include collaborative projects where multiple community members come together to create a piece of artwork or craft.

7. Interactive activities: Fairs often have interactive activities for attendees to participate in, such as traditional dance performances, storytelling, or temporary art installations created by community members.

8. Cultural displays: In addition to art and crafts, cultural fairs also feature displays showcasing traditional attire, tools, and other artifacts from Alaska’s indigenous cultures.

9. Volunteer opportunities: Local individuals can get involved in the arts and crafts exhibitions by volunteering their time to help set up the event or assist with running different activities throughout the day.

10. Community support: The success of arts and crafts exhibitions at cultural fairs relies heavily on community support through attendance, donations, sponsorship, and volunteers.

6. How has the traditional harvest festival evolved into a modern-day extravaganza in Alaska?

The traditional harvest festival, or “Fall Festival,” in Alaska has evolved from a simple celebration of the annual harvest to a modern-day extravaganza that includes a variety of activities and events.

One major change is the shift towards a more commercialized and tourist-oriented event. In the past, the festival was primarily a small, community-driven event focused on celebrating the local harvest and culture. However, with the increase in tourism in Alaska, many festivals now cater to visitors by offering new attractions and activities.

The traditional crafts and food have also been adapted to be more appealing to tourists. While traditional Native Alaskan crafts such as carving and weaving are still showcased at the festival, there may also be booths selling souvenirs and crafts that cater to tourists’ tastes. Similarly, traditional foods such as salmon and berries are still featured but are often accompanied by more mainstream options like burgers or hot dogs.

In addition to these changes, modern technology has also influenced the festival. Many festivals now have websites or social media pages where they promote their events and attract visitors. There may also be live music performances or other forms of entertainment that wouldn’t have been present in traditional harvest festivals.

Overall, the traditional harvest festival has evolved into an opportunity for communities to showcase their culture while also catering to tourists’ interests. It has become a larger-scale event with a wider range of activities and attractions than its predecessors, making it a popular destination for both locals and visitors alike.

7. What unique food and beverage offerings can be found at Alaska’s cultural festival?

1. Alaska wild berry jams and jellies: These unique spreads are made from locally grown berries such as blueberries, salmonberries, and cloudberries.

2. Reindeer hot dogs: Reindeer meat is a popular delicacy in Alaska and can often be found at the cultural festival served on a bun with various toppings.

3. Smoked salmon: Alaska is famous for its abundant supply of fresh salmon, which can often be found smoked and served at the festival.

4. Birch syrup products: Birch trees are abundant in Alaska and their sap is used to create a sweet syrup that can be found in various products like candies, sauces, and drinks.

5. Akutaq (Eskimo ice cream): This traditional Alaskan dessert is made from whipped animal fat mixed with berries and sugar, creating a creamy treat that reflects the local flavors.

6. Spruce tip beer: Breweries in Alaska use spruce tips to create uniquely flavored beers that are often featured at the festival.

7. Fireweed honey: Fireweed is a common plant in Alaska and its nectar is used to create a deliciously sweet honey that can be sampled or purchased at the festival.

8. Eskimo ice cream cones: These cones are usually filled with berries, whipped cream, and topped with chocolate chips or sprinkles to create a fun twist on traditional ice cream sandwiches.

8. Are there any religious customs and rituals that are part of Alaska’s annual cultural event?

There are several religious customs and rituals that are part of Alaska’s annual cultural events, which may include:

1. Feasts and potlatches: Many Native Alaskan communities have traditional feasts and potlatches to celebrate important occasions such as births, weddings, and coming-of-age ceremonies. These feasts often involve traditional foods and spiritual rituals.

2. Blessing of the fishing and hunting season: In many Alaskan communities, there is a tradition of blessing the fishing and hunting seasons to ensure a successful harvest. This may involve prayers or offerings to the spirits or deities believed to be in charge of these resources.

3. Midnight sun celebrations: In northern parts of Alaska, where the sun does not set for several weeks during the summer, there are often celebrations that include special prayers or rituals thanking the sun for its continuous presence.

4. Religious processions: Some Alaskan cultural events, such as Native American powwows or Russian Orthodox Pascha (Easter), may involve religious processions with sacred objects or icons.

5. Sweat lodge ceremonies: Sweat lodges are traditional Native American structures used for spiritual purification and healing. Some cultural events may include sweat lodge ceremonies led by a spiritual leader or healer.

6. Ceremonial dances: Dance has always been an important part of Native Alaskan culture and is often incorporated in annual cultural events. These dances serve different purposes depending on the community but can include honoring ancestors, seeking guidance from spirits, or celebrating nature.

7. Memorial services: Many Alaskan cultural events include memorial services to remember loved ones who have passed away. These services may have religious elements such as prayers or readings from sacred texts.

8. Sharing circles/talking circles: These gatherings provide a space for people to come together to share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences in a respectful manner while being led by an elder or spiritual leader.

9. Fasting: It is common for individuals to participate in fasts before or during cultural events as a way of connecting with their spirituality and culture. Fasts may involve refraining from food, drink, or other activities for a specified period.

10. Offering tobacco: In some Alaskan cultures, offering tobacco is seen as a way to show respect and gratitude to the spirits or ancestors. This practice may be incorporated into annual cultural events as a form of prayer or offering.

9. How does Alaska’s folk music and dance showcase its rich cultural diversity during festivals?

Alaska’s folk music and dance showcase its rich cultural diversity during festivals through the inclusion of various traditional styles and influences from different ethnic groups that make up the state’s population. Each culture brings its own unique sound, rhythm, instruments, and dance movements to the festivals.

For example, during the Alaska Folk Festival in Juneau, one can see performances of traditional Native Alaskan dances such as Yup’ik or Athabascan dance groups featuring tribal regalia and drumming. These dances are usually accompanied by songs in native languages and tell stories of their respective cultures.

Additionally, there may be performances by Scandinavian-influenced groups showcasing lively polkas and waltzes with accordion and fiddle music. Celtic influence can also be seen with Irish step dancing and Scottish reels performed with bagpipes.

Other styles represented in Alaska’s folk festivals include Russian folk songs, Hawaiian hula dancing, Mexican mariachi music, and cowboy country western tunes. This diverse range of performances showcases the cultural backgrounds of Alaskans from all over the world.

Moreover, some festivals also offer workshops where attendees can experience hands-on learning about different traditional styles of music and dance from local experts. This allows for a deeper understanding and appreciation of Alaska’s cultural diversity.

In summary, Alaska’s folk music and dance festivals provide a platform for various ethnic groups to share their unique traditions, creating a melting pot of diverse cultures that contribute to the state’s vibrant arts scene.

10. Do tourists play an active role in the planning and execution of Alaska’s major events and festivals?

Yes, tourists can play an active role in the planning and execution of Alaska’s major events and festivals. Many events and festivals in Alaska rely heavily on participation and support from tourists to make them successful. Tourists often volunteer for various roles such as event staff, performers, vendors, and more. They also contribute to the local economy by purchasing tickets, souvenirs, accommodations, and other services related to the event. Some events even offer opportunities for tourists to participate in unique cultural experiences or outdoor activities specific to Alaska’s environment. Overall, tourists play a crucial role in supporting and enhancing Alaska’s major events and festivals.

11. How have modern forms of entertainment been incorporated into traditional festivities in Alaska?

In Alaska, traditional festivities have been influenced by modern forms of entertainment in various ways. Some common examples include the incorporation of popular music and dance into traditional ceremonies, the use of modern technology for enhancing performances, and the integration of modern sports and games into traditional events.

One way modern entertainment has been incorporated into traditional festivities is through the use of popular music and dance. For example, traditional Native Alaskan festivals often include live performances incorporating traditional music and dance forms, but may also feature contemporary songs or dances that reflect modern influences.

Similarly, modern technology has also played a role in enhancing traditional festivities in Alaska. This can be seen in the use of instruments such as electric guitars, amplifiers, and sound systems to enhance performances at cultural events. Additionally, advances in lighting technology have allowed for more visually impactful displays during festivities.

Another notable aspect is the integration of modern sports and games into traditional festivities. Many Alaska Native communities have embraced activities like basketball and hockey, which are now often included as part of cultural celebrations. This integration not only allows for a fusion of cultural traditions with modern forms of recreation but also provides an opportunity for younger generations to connect with their roots while still engaging in activities they enjoy.

Overall, the incorporation of modern forms of entertainment has added new dimensions to traditional festivities in Alaska while also helping to bridge generational gaps and keep traditions alive.

12. Are there any competitions or contests held during Alaska’s cultural events, highlighting local talent?

Yes, there are several competitions and contests held during Alaska’s cultural events that highlight local talent. These can include traditional music and dance competitions, storytelling contests, art shows, cooking contests featuring traditional dishes, and traditional games competitions. Some events may also have specific talent showcases or open mic nights for individuals to showcase their talents. These competitions and contests are a great opportunity for locals to share their skills and passion for their cultural heritage with the community.

13. What themes are explored through theatrical performances at Alaska’s celebrated drama festival?

The themes explored through theatrical performances at Alaska’s celebrated drama festival vary, but some common themes include:
1. Identity and belonging: Many plays focus on characters struggling with their sense of self and finding their place in the world.
2. Alaska’s unique culture and history: Some plays showcase the history, traditions, and contemporary issues of Alaska’s diverse communities.
3. Nature and the environment: Given Alaska’s stunning scenery and environmental challenges, many plays explore humanity’s relationship with nature.
4. Isolation and community: The isolation of living in such a vast, sparsely populated state is a recurring theme in many Alaskan plays.
5. Survival: Through drama, many Alaskans examine stories of resilience and survival in challenging circumstances.
6. Cross-cultural interactions: As a multicultural state with a significant indigenous population, Alaskan dramas often explore themes of cultural exchange and understanding.
7. Family dynamics: Plays often touch on the complexities of family relationships, from generational conflicts to unbreakable bonds.
8. Social issues: From homelessness to substance abuse to mental health, Alaskan plays tackle relevant social issues faced by many communities in the state.
9. Historical events: Some plays are inspired by significant moments in Alaska’s history, such as the gold rush or the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
10. Personal struggles: Individual struggles with relationships, trauma, or personal demons are explored in theatrical performances at the drama festival.

14. How do fashion and design take center stage at fashion shows during Alaska’s iconic cultural event?

Fashion and design play a prominent role in Alaska’s iconic cultural event, the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, through various fashion shows, events, and activities. These include:

1. Fur Fashion Shows: One of the highlights of the Iditarod is the Fur Rondy Fashion Show, which features traditional fur clothing and accessories worn by racers, handlers, and spectators. This show celebrates Alaska’s rich history of fur trading and its importance in native culture.

2. Dog Bootie Fashion Show: During the ceremonial start of the race in Anchorage, dog booties are showcased in a fun and creative way at the annual bootie fashion show. Participants design and decorate booties to reflect different themes or promote sponsors.

3. Native Art Showcase: The Iditarod also showcases traditional Alaskan Native art forms such as beading, carving, embroidery, and sewing through various exhibits and competitions. Many of these art pieces feature intricate designs inspired by native culture and traditions.

4. IditaShop: The official merchandise store for the Iditarod offers a variety of apparel featuring unique designs related to the race. Fans can find everything from t-shirts with images of sled dogs to jackets with graphics representing different checkpoints along the trail.

5. IditaRockets Design Competition: In partnership with NASA, students from Alaska schools are encouraged to participate in an annual design competition called IditaRockets which aims to promote science education while incorporating elements relevant to the Iditarod race.

6. Fan Gear Fashion Show: The Official Start Banquet held before the start of the race includes a fan gear fashion show where participants can showcase their creative outfits made using official Iditarod merchandise.

7. Promotional Material Designs: From posters and logos to websites and social media graphics, fashion and design elements are incorporated into all promotional material associated with Alaska’s iconic event.

Through these events and activities revolving around fashion and design, spectators, participants, and fans get to appreciate and celebrate the diverse cultural influences that make the Iditarod an unforgettable experience.

15. Are there opportunities for visitors to learn about traditional skills and crafts at workshops during Alaska’s artisan fair?

Yes, many artisan fairs in Alaska offer workshops and demonstrations where visitors can learn about traditional skills and crafts. These may include activities like beading, carving, weaving, or painting by local artists and artisans. These workshops may require a separate fee or registration, so it is best to check with the specific fair for more information.

16. How have state-sponsored preservation projects helped preserve ancient monuments featured in cultural festivals aroundAlaska?

In Alaska, state-sponsored preservation projects have played a crucial role in preserving ancient monuments featured in cultural festivals. They have helped to prevent further damage and deterioration of these monuments, and in some cases, even restore them to their original condition.

One significant example is the Totem Bight State Historic Park, which features a collection of 14 original and replica totem poles that were gifted by the Tlingit and Haida tribes. This park is an important site for the local indigenous communities and is also a popular tourist attraction.

The state government has taken measures to protect and preserve these totem poles through regular maintenance work such as cleaning, treating them with preservatives, and replacing damaged sections. The state also provides funding for projects that help safeguard these cultural treasures from natural elements like wind, rain, and sun damage.

Additionally, state-sponsored programs have also facilitated documentation and research on these historic sites. By collaborating with local tribal authorities and scholars, the state has been able to gather valuable information about the significance and cultural context of these monuments. This information not only adds to our understanding of Alaska’s rich heritage but also helps in developing appropriate preservation plans.

Furthermore, the state also supports cultural festivals that feature ancient monuments by providing grants for their organization and promotion. These festivals not only celebrate the diverse cultures of Alaska but also bring attention to the importance of preserving its ancient landmarks.

In summation, state-sponsored preservation projects have helped safeguard ancient monuments featured in cultural festivals around Alaska by providing financial support for conservation efforts and facilitating research on their historical significance. Without this support, many of these cherished sites may have been lost or significantly deteriorated over time.

17. In what ways do business enterprises play a role in showcasing products and services related to the theme of a particular state-level festival in?Alaska?

There are several ways in which business enterprises can play a role in showcasing products and services related to the theme of a particular state-level festival in Alaska:

1. Sponsorship: Businesses can sponsor the festival and in return, have their products and services showcased at the event or promoted in marketing materials.

2. Vendor booths: Businesses can set up vendor booths at the festival to showcase their products and services to attendees. This is also a great way for businesses to make sales and attract new customers.

3. Product demonstrations: Businesses can organize product demonstrations or interactive activities at the festival to showcase how their products or services work.

4. Contest or giveaways: Businesses can hold contests or giveaways with prizes related to the festival’s theme, which will attract attendees to their booth and give them the opportunity to showcase their products.

5. Collaborations with event organizers: Businesses can partner with event organizers to provide products or services that are relevant to the festival’s theme, increasing their visibility and exposure during the event.

6. Advertising: Businesses can advertise their products and services through various channels associated with the festival, such as event websites, social media pages, or printed materials like brochures and flyers.

7. Special promotions: As part of marketing efforts for the festival, businesses can offer special promotions or discounts on their products and services that tie into the theme of the event.

8. Co-branded merchandise: Businesses can collaborate with event organizers to create co-branded merchandise that incorporates both the festival’s theme and their brand, promoting both simultaneously.

9. Food vendors: Food vendors can create dishes inspired by local ingredients from Alaska for attendees to sample, providing an opportunity for businesses like breweries, wineries, distilleries, or food producers to showcase their products.

10. Cultural experiences: If the festival has a cultural aspect, businesses can contribute by offering sponsorships, displays or activities that are relevant to Alaskan culture. For example, in a festival celebrating Native Alaskan cultures, businesses could showcase traditional crafts or cuisine.

18.Use your imagination to create posters advertising some upcoming events going on aroundAlaska. Show highlights key attractions such as food, music, and traditional activities.

Poster 1:
Title: Experience the Thrills of Winter in Alaska!
Image: A stunning aerial view of snow-covered mountains with a group of people skiing down the slopes

Text:
– Celebrate the winter season in Alaska with our exciting events!
– Enjoy thrilling skiing and snowboarding on some of the world’s best slopes
– Indulge in delicious traditional Alaskan cuisine
– Listen to live music performances by local artists
– Date: February 15th – February 28th, 2022
– Location: Anchorage, Alaska

Poster 2:
Title: Taste the Flavors of Alaska!
Image: An illustration of a table filled with fresh seafood, berries, and other traditional dishes

Text:
– Join us for a culinary adventure at the Annual Alaskan Food Festival
– Delight your taste buds with fresh seafood, wild game, and unique Alaskan specialties
– Sip on locally brewed beers and spirits
– Live music and entertainment throughout the event
– Date: June 10th – June 15th, 2022
– Location: Fairbanks, Alaska

Poster 3:
Title: Get Lost in the Music at The Midnight Sun Music Fest!
Image: A photo of a stage set against a backdrop of a beautiful sunset over Alaska’s landscape

Text:
– Dance under the midnight sun at our annual music festival
-Savor delicious food from food trucks featuring cuisines from all over Alaska
-Rock out to live performances by well-known bands from around the state
-Try your hand at traditional instruments during workshops led by local musicians
-A fun-filled weekend for families and friends alike!
-Date: July 20th – July 22nd, 2022
-Location: Denali National Park, Alaska

19. Is there a tradition of attracting celebrity guests to Alaska’s cultural events, and who are some notable attendees in recent years?

Yes, there is a tradition of attracting celebrity guests to Alaska’s cultural events. Some notable attendees in recent years include:

1. President Barack Obama attended the GLACIER conference in Anchorage in 2015.
2. Actress Susan Sarandon participated in the Arctic Arts Summit in Fairbanks in 2017.
3. Actor and environmentalist Leonardo DiCaprio visited remote Alaskan communities with President Obama in 2016 to address climate change.
4. Singer Jewel, who is originally from Homer, headlined the Alaska State Fair concert series in 2018.
5. Actor and musician Jared Leto performed at the World Eskimo-Indian Olympics opening ceremonies in Fairbanks in 2018.
6. National Geographic photographer Joel Sartore spoke at the University of Alaska Anchorage’s Green & Gold Gala fundraising event in 2019.
7. Comedian and actor Nathan Fielder attended the Last Frontier Theatre Conference in Valdez in 2015.
8. TV personality Bear Grylls visited Alaska to shoot an episode of his show “Running Wild” with former US President Barack Obama.
9. Country music star Miranda Lambert performed at Salmonfest, an outdoor music festival in Ninilchik, in 2019.
10. Olympic gold medalist Lindsey Vonn was a keynote speaker at the Arctic Circle Assembly conference held annually in Reykjavik, Iceland since it highlights issues relevant to both Arctic residents and global stakeholders interested for better understanding of natural products like fish oil or krill oil’s potential health benefits connection with sustainable use as well as protection for an area that typically be describes as fragile region.

20. How do local communities come together to create unique and memorable experiences for visitors during Alaska’s grand cultural fete?

Local communities in Alaska come together during the grand cultural fete to showcase their unique customs, traditions, and identity through various events and activities. These include:

1. Cultural celebrations: Local communities organize cultural festivals and events that highlight their traditional music, dance, food, and art. These celebrations provide visitors with an immersive experience of the local culture.

2. Crafts and artisan markets: Artisans from different communities come together to display and sell their handmade products such as jewelry, clothing, and artwork. Visitors can get a taste of authentic Alaskan craftsmanship at these markets.

3. Workshops and demonstrations: Community members may offer workshops or demonstrations on traditional crafts, cooking, or other skills. This allows visitors to learn about the local way of life directly from the people who live it.

4. Guided tours: Many communities offer guided tours where visitors can explore historical sites, learn about local legends and myths, and witness traditional practices up close.

5.culinary experiences: Local communities may organize special meals or food events showcasing their unique cuisine, which often includes locally sourced ingredients such as salmon, moose, or berries.

6. Homestays: Some communities offer homestay experiences where visitors can stay with a local family and participate in daily activities such as fishing or gathering berries.

7. Outdoor adventures: Visitors can also join outdoor adventures with community members such as hiking, kayaking, or dog sledding, which allow them to experience Alaska’s stunning natural beauty while learning about traditional ways of life from locals.

8. Cultural exchange programs: Communities may collaborate with schools or organizations to host cultural exchange programs where students or volunteers from different backgrounds can live in the community for a period of time and learn about the local culture.

9. Music and dance performances: Local musicians and dancers often perform at events during the grand cultural fete to showcase their traditional songs and dances.

10.Traditional games tournaments: Some communities organize tournaments for traditional Native games such as stickball or wrist wrestling, providing visitors with a fun and unique cultural experience.

By coming together and offering these various experiences, Alaska’s local communities create a truly immersive and unforgettable cultural celebration for visitors.