In-State Tuition Policies for Undocumented Immigrant Students in Nebraska

1. What are the current state laws regarding in-state tuition for undocumented immigrant students in Nebraska?

As of 2021, Nebraska does not have any specific state laws regarding in-state tuition for undocumented immigrant students. However, the University of Nebraska system allows undocumented students to qualify for in-state tuition if they meet certain criteria.

2. What are the requirements for undocumented immigrant students to qualify for in-state tuition at the University of Nebraska?

To qualify for in-state tuition at the University of Nebraska as an undocumented student, applicants must meet all of the following requirements:

– Graduated from a high school in Nebraska or completed a GED in Nebraska
– Attended a Nebraska high school for at least three years and graduated or obtained a GED
– Applied to enroll in college within three years after graduation or receiving a GED
– Provide documentation proving their presence and residency in Nebraska, such as utility bills, tax returns, or rent receipts

3. Are there any scholarships available specifically for undocumented immigrant students in Nebraska?

There are no specific scholarships available only for undocumented immigrant students in Nebraska. However, there may be scholarships available through private organizations that do not require proof of citizenship or legal status. Additionally, some colleges and universities may offer need-based aid to undocumented students.

4. Can DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) recipients receive in-state tuition at public universities in Nebraska?

Yes, DACA recipients who meet the above requirements can receive in-state tuition at public universities in Nebraska.

5. Are non-DACA undocumented immigrant students eligible for any financial aid from public universities in Nebraska?

Currently, non-DACA undocumented immigrant students are not eligible for federal financial aid or state-funded financial aid programs with immigration status restrictions. However, some colleges and universities may offer institutional aid to these students on a case-by-case basis. It is best to directly contact the financial aid office of the university you are applying to for more information on eligibility and application processes.

2. Is Nebraska one of the states that allows undocumented immigrant students to pay in-state tuition rates?


Yes, Nebraska is one of the states that allows undocumented immigrant students to pay in-state tuition rates. In 2006, the state passed a law allowing undocumented immigrants who have attended a Nebraska high school for at least three years and graduated to be eligible for in-state tuition rates at public universities and community colleges. This law is commonly known as the “Dreamers Bill.”

3. Are there any specific eligibility requirements for undocumented students to qualify for in-state tuition in Nebraska?

Yes, undocumented students must meet the following requirements to qualify for in-state tuition in Nebraska:

– Graduated from a Nebraska high school or received a GED
– Resided continuously in Nebraska for at least three years before graduating high school or receiving a GED
– Registered with the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, if eligible
– Provided documentation that they have filed an application to legalize their immigration status, if eligible.

4. Can undocumented students receive state financial aid in Nebraska?
No, undocumented students are not eligible to receive state financial aid in Nebraska. However, they may be eligible for private scholarships and grants from colleges and universities.

5. Are there any other opportunities for financial assistance available to undocumented students in Nebraska?
Yes, some organizations and scholarships may offer financial assistance specifically for undocumented students living in Nebraska. These resources can be found through online databases and by reaching out to local community organizations that may offer support to undocumented students.

Additionally, some colleges and universities in Nebraska may have alternative tuition rates or institutional scholarships available for undocumented students. It is recommended to directly contact the schools you are interested in attending to inquire about any potential opportunities for financial assistance.

4. How does Nebraska determine residency status for undocumented students when it comes to in-state tuition?


Nebraska follows certain guidelines for determining the residency status of undocumented students for in-state tuition purposes.

1. Eligibility Criteria: In order to be considered for in-state tuition, undocumented students must meet certain eligibility criteria such as:

– Graduation from a Nebraska high school or completion of a GED program in Nebraska
– Attendance and graduation from a Nebraska high school for at least 3 years
– Enrollment in an accredited Nebraska college or university within three years of graduation from high school or obtaining GED

2. Proof of Residency: Undocumented students need to provide evidence that they have lived in Nebraska for at least 12 consecutive months prior to enrollment in a post-secondary institution. This can include documentation such as utility bills, lease agreements, bank statements, and employment records.

3. Meeting Indicators of Residency: In addition to proving physical presence, undocumented students also need to meet certain indicators of residency to be eligible for in-state tuition. These can include being registered to vote in the state, holding a driver’s license or state ID card, and having a permanent home address.

4. Affidavit of Intent to Apply for Legal Status: Undocumented students are required to sign an affidavit stating their intention to seek legal immigration status if it becomes available.

5. Non-Discrimination Policy: Nebraska has a non-discrimination policy that ensures all qualified students are treated equally regardless of their immigration status.

6. Abiding by Federal Law: The University of Nebraska System has stated that it will comply with federal laws regarding undocumented students, including Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients.

Overall, residency determination for undocumented students is based on individual circumstances and may vary depending on the institution in which the student is enrolled. It is recommended that prospective undocumented students consult with their university’s admissions office for more information on how residency is determined specifically at their school.

5. Can undocumented students apply for financial aid or scholarships to help cover their in-state tuition costs in Nebraska?


Yes, undocumented students in Nebraska may be eligible for certain types of financial aid and scholarships to help cover their in-state tuition costs. Some options include:

1. Private Scholarships: There are many private scholarship opportunities available to undocumented students in Nebraska. These scholarships may not have specific citizenship or residency requirements and can be used towards in-state tuition.

2. State-based Financial Aid Programs: Some states, including Nebraska, offer state-based financial aid programs that are open to undocumented students. For example, the Nebraska Opportunity Grant provides need-based grants to eligible Nebraska resident undergraduate students, regardless of citizenship or immigration status.

3. Institutional Financial Aid: Many colleges and universities have their own institutional financial aid programs that are open to undocumented students. These can include grants, scholarships, and work-study opportunities.

4. In-State Tuition Waivers: Some schools or states offer in-state tuition waivers to undocumented students who have attended high school in the state for a certain number of years or meet other specific criteria.

It’s important for undocumented students to research and reach out to individual schools and organizations for specific information on available financial aid options. They can also find resources through organizations such as the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) or TheDream.US that provide assistance with navigating the college application process and finding funding opportunities for undocumented students.

6. Does Nebraska have any programs or initiatives specifically aimed at supporting education access for undocumented immigrant students?


Yes, there are several programs and initiatives in Nebraska that aim to support education access for undocumented immigrant students:

1. In-State Tuition: In 2006, Nebraska passed a law allowing qualifying undocumented students to pay in-state tuition rates at public colleges and universities if they meet certain criteria such as attending a Nebraska high school for at least three years and graduating from a Nebraska high school.

2. Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): Through the DACA program, eligible undocumented students may apply for a two-year reprieve from deportation and work authorization, allowing them to pursue higher education and work legally in the United States.

3. The Latino Center of the Midlands: This organization offers various services and programs for undocumented students, including academic support, mentoring, college prep workshops, and scholarships.

4. The Dream.US Scholarship Program: This national scholarship program provides financial assistance to highly motivated DREAMers (undocumented students who came to the U.S. as children) to help them attend college.

5. College Possible: This nonprofit organization helps low-income students prepare for and enroll in college by providing academic support, college application assistance, and financial aid guidance.

6. Access College Foundation: This organization provides resources and support to help low-income, first-generation college-goers, including undocumented students, successfully navigate the college admission process.

7. EducationQuest Foundation: This nonprofit provides free college planning resources and services to help all Nebraskans access higher education opportunities regardless of their immigration status.

8. Undocumented Students Task Force: This task force was created by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2010 to improve campus climate for undocumented students through advocacy efforts, educational programming, and community outreach.

9. Legal Aid of Nebraska: Low-income immigrants can receive legal representation and advice through this organization’s Immigrant Visa Assistance Project.

10. UNL Immigration Clinic: This clinic provides free legal services to immigrants living in Nebraska, including DACA renewals and other immigration applications, as well as education and outreach to the community.

7. Have there been any recent changes or updates to the laws surrounding in-state tuition for undocumented immigrants in Nebraska?

As of June 2021, there have been no recent changes or updates to the laws surrounding in-state tuition for undocumented immigrants in Nebraska.

8. How do other states compare to Nebraska when it comes to providing access to in-state tuition for undocumented students?


Many states have passed legislation to provide access to in-state tuition for undocumented students. As of 2020, there are 21 states (plus the District of Columbia) that have enacted laws granting in-state tuition for undocumented students. These states include California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska (as discussed above), New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Texas (for certain select institutions only), Utah (through a recent Supreme Court ruling), Virginia and Washington. Additionally, some states offer more limited in-state tuition benefits or residency options for undocumented students.

Other states have taken a different stance on this issue and explicitly prohibit undocumented students from accessing in-state tuition rates. This includes Alabama Arizona Georgia Indiana Louisiana Arkansas Missouri North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Wisconsin.

There are also several states that have not passed any specific legislation regarding this issue and leave determining residency status up to individual universities or institutions. These are known as “collegesollege towns”. States with no official policy on providing access to in-state tuition for undocumented students include Alaska Mississippi Montana Nevada New Hampshire North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania West Virginia Wyoming.

Finally there is the state of Idaho where in-state tuition is offered but only if multiple requirements have been met including appointment of a DACA recipient as state fellow by governor executive action.More recently Montana (2019 session) has enacted [SB115](https://legiscan.com/MT/text/SB115/2019):to grant “Dreamers” access to in-state-tuition IF they meet the Federal Programs Needed for Asylees Status

Overall there is significant variation among the states’ policies on providing access to in-state tuition for undocumented students. Some states offer expansive benefits while others outright prohibit them from receiving any financial assistance and/or benefit packages extended by these entities making post-secondary education/college achievable yet affordable by giving equal opportunity to students regardless of where they come from.

9. Are there any ongoing debates or discussions about changing the current policies on in-state tuition for undocumented students in Nebraska?

Yes, there are ongoing debates and discussions about changing the current policies on in-state tuition for undocumented students in Nebraska.

In 2015, state lawmakers introduced a bill called the “Nebraska Dreamer Access to Higher Education Act,” which aimed to provide in-state tuition rates to undocumented students who meet certain criteria, such as attending high school in Nebraska for at least three years and graduating. However, the bill failed to pass.

Since then, advocates have continued to push for similar legislation and there have been further discussions and debates within the state legislature about making changes to the current policies. In 2021, a new bill was introduced that would allow undocumented students who meet certain requirements to receive in-state tuition rates. This bill is still being debated and has not yet been voted on.

Opponents of changing the current policies argue that allowing undocumented students to receive in-state tuition rates would be unfair to legal citizens and could potentially limit opportunities for them. Proponents argue that these students are often brought to the United States as children and should not be penalized for their immigration status, especially since they contribute to the state’s economy and society.

The debate over changing in-state tuition policies for undocumented students is ongoing and likely to continue in the future.

10. What impact has offering in-state tuition had on higher education enrollment rates among undocumented immigrants in Nebraska?


The impact of offering in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants in Nebraska has been largely positive, leading to increased enrollment rates in higher education among this population.

1. Increased Access: The most significant impact of offering in-state tuition has been increased access to higher education for undocumented immigrants. Prior to the policy change, many immigrant students were unable to afford out-of-state tuition rates and were therefore barred from attending college or university. This new policy has created more opportunities for these students to pursue higher education and improve their future prospects.

2. Diversity on Campus: By attracting more undocumented students, who often come from diverse cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds, universities have become more diverse and inclusive spaces. This diversity enhances the educational experience for all students, providing them with a richer understanding of the world around them.

3. Economic Benefits: In-state tuition rates make college more affordable for undocumented students, allowing them to save money on their education. As a result, they can focus on their studies and take advantage of all the opportunities that come with attending college such as internships and research opportunities. These experiences help build skills that make these individuals better equipped to enter the workforce upon graduation.

4. Increase in Enrollment Rates: Offering in-state tuition has resulted in a surge in enrollment among undocumented immigrants across Nebraska’s colleges and universities. Reports show that within two years of implementing this policy, many schools experienced an increase in enrollment among this population by over 70%. For instance, at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), enrollment among DACA recipients increased from 15 students in 2016 to over 60 students by 2019.

5. Positive Impact on State Revenue: Another benefit of increasing enrollment is the positive impact it has on state revenue. As undocumented students pay the same rate as other in-state residents for tuition fees, they generate additional revenue for colleges and universities that would have been lost without this policy change.

6. Educational and Career Opportunities: Access to in-state tuition has also opened doors for undocumented students to pursue higher education and subsequently, better career opportunities. With a college degree or certification, these individuals can improve their socioeconomic status, contribute more to society, and break the cycle of poverty.

7. Boost to Local Economy: In addition to individual benefits, offering in-state tuition has also been beneficial for the local economy. With more immigrant students enrolling in higher education, local businesses benefit from increased spending on goods and services like housing, transportation, food, etc.

8. Reduced Brain Drain: Prior to offering in-state tuition, many undocumented students were unable to continue their studies after high school due to financial barriers. This meant that bright and talented individuals left Nebraska for other states with more favorable policies towards undocumented immigrants. In-state tuition rates have allowed these individuals to stay in the state and contribute to its growth.

9. Multi-generational Impact: Offering in-state tuition can have a long-term impact on families by creating a pathway for future generations of undocumented immigrants to pursue higher education. By breaking down barriers and demonstrating support for this population, it sends a message that higher education is achievable regardless of immigration status.

10. Positive Image for the State: Lastly, offering in-state tuition has had a positive impact on how Nebraska is perceived by the rest of the country. It shows that the state values diversity and inclusivity and is committed to providing equal opportunities for all residents regardless of their background or legal status. This can enhance Nebraska’s reputation as an inclusive state and attract more diverse talent from around the country.

11. What are some potential challenges or barriers that may prevent an undocumented student from receiving in-state tuition status in Nebraska?


1. Residency requirements: Nebraska requires students to live in the state for at least 12 months before they can be considered for in-state tuition status. Undocumented students may face challenges in proving their residency, especially if they have moved frequently or do not have official documentation such as utility bills or a driver’s license.

2. Proof of immigration status: To qualify for in-state tuition, students must provide proof of lawful immigration status. Undocumented students are unable to provide this and may struggle to navigate the application process without it.

3. Financial resources: Undocumented students face financial barriers that can restrict their ability to attend college. They are not eligible for federal student aid, including grants and loans, which could help cover the cost of out-of-state tuition.

4. Lack of information and guidance: Many undocumented students may not be aware of the options available to them or how to navigate the process of obtaining in-state tuition. Limited access to information and resources can hinder their chances of receiving in-state tuition status.

5. Language barriers: Some undocumented students may face language barriers when trying to apply for in-state tuition or understand the requirements and documentation needed.

6. Uncertainty about future immigration policies: The constantly changing immigration policies at the federal level can create uncertainty for undocumented individuals, making it difficult for them to plan and prepare for their future education.

7. Fear and stigma: Undocumented students may fear exposing their immigration status due to potential repercussions, such as deportation or discrimination from peers and school officials.

8. Lack of support from family or community: In some cases, undocumented students may not have support from their families or communities due to cultural or financial reasons, making it challenging for them to pursue higher education and obtain in-state tuition status.

9. Limited availability of programs designed for undocumented students: Not all colleges and universities have specific programs or resources dedicated to supporting undocumented students’ educational goals, making it more difficult for them to receive in-state tuition status.

10. Eligibility requirements: Some states require undocumented students to have attended high school in the state for a specific number of years before they can qualify for in-state tuition. This requirement may be a barrier for students who moved to Nebraska later in their high school years.

11. Complex and lengthy legal processes: Undocumented students often have to navigate complex and time-consuming legal processes to apply for in-state tuition, adding another layer of difficulty to an already challenging situation.

12. Are public and private universities and colleges required to follow the same guidelines when it comes to offering in-state tuition to undocumented students in Nebraska?

Yes, both public and private universities and colleges in Nebraska are required to follow state guidelines when it comes to offering in-state tuition to undocumented students. The state board of education sets the guidelines for determining an individual’s residency status for tuition purposes, and these guidelines apply to all institutions of higher education in the state. However, each institution may have its own specific policies and procedures for determining residency and awarding tuition rates, so it is important for undocumented students to research the policies of the specific school they are interested in attending.

13. How has the U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Plyler v. Doe impacted the implementation of state-level policies regarding educational opportunities for undocumented youth, including access to instate-tuition,in Nebraska?


The U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Plyler v. Doe in 1982 declared it unconstitutional for states to deny access to public education to undocumented children. This ruling has had a significant impact on the implementation of state-level policies regarding educational opportunities for undocumented youth, including access to instate-tuition in Nebraska.

Prior to the ruling, several states, including Texas (where the Plyler case originated), denied undocumented children access to public education or charged them higher tuition rates than legal residents. However, after the ruling, all states were required to provide free public education to all children regardless of their immigration status.

In Nebraska, the Plyler ruling has led to an increase in access to public education for undocumented youth. The state has taken steps to comply with the ruling by enacting policies that allow undocumented students access to K-12 education and certain post-secondary institutions. Additionally, some schools and universities offer in-state tuition rates for undocumented students who meet certain criteria.

However, the Plyler ruling does not explicitly mandate that states provide in-state tuition rates for undocumented students. As a result, there is no consistent policy across all Nebraska institutions regarding in-state tuition for these students. Some universities have implemented policies allowing for in-state tuition, while others do not offer any special considerations for undocumented students.

This lack of consistency can make it challenging for undocumented youth who are seeking affordable higher education options in Nebraska. Many may face significantly higher tuition rates compared to legal residents at certain institutions, making college less accessible and affordable.

In response to this issue, some advocates have called for legislation that would grant in-state tuition rates for all Nebraska residents regardless of immigration status. However, there has been pushback from lawmakers who argue that offering in-state tuition benefits should be reserved solely for legal residents.

Overall,the Supreme Court ruling on Plyler v.Doe has played a crucial role in ensuring equal access to education for undocumented youth in Nebraska.However, there is still work to be done in ensuring that these students can obtain higher education at an affordable cost.

14. Is there a limit on the number of spots available for undocumented students who qualify for instate-tuition at public institutions in Nebraska?


No, there is no specific limit on the number of spots available for undocumented students who qualify for in-state tuition at public institutions in Nebraska. However, admission and enrollment at public institutions are based on a competitive process, so there may be limited spaces available in specific programs or majors. Additionally, some public institutions may have specific quotas for out-of-state students, but these quotas do not apply to undocumented students eligible for in-state tuition.

15. Has there been any backlash or opposition towards granting instate-tuition benefits to undocumented students in Nebraska?


Yes, there has been some opposition towards granting instate-tuition benefits to undocumented students in Nebraska. This opposition comes mainly from conservative groups and individuals who argue that these benefits should be reserved for legal residents and citizens of the state. They believe that providing instate-tuition to undocumented students would be unfair to taxpayers and would incentivize illegal immigration. There have also been concerns about the financial burden it could place on colleges and universities, as well as limited resources being taken away from legal residents. Some opponents have also expressed concerns about potential negative impacts on the job market for legal residents.

16. How does the economic impact of providing instate-tuition to undocumented students compare to the potential future earnings and contributions of these individuals in Nebraska?


The economic impact of providing instate-tuition to undocumented students in Nebraska is likely to have a positive effect on the state’s economy. By allowing undocumented students to pursue higher education and obtain a college degree, they will be better equipped to enter the workforce and earn higher salaries. This will not only benefit the individual student, but also contribute to the overall economic growth and development of the state.

According to a 2010 study by Immigration Policy Center, undocumented immigrants who obtained a college degree in Nebraska would be able to generate an additional $500 million in income over their working lives compared to if they had not pursued higher education. This increased earning potential would also result in higher tax revenues for the state.

Moreover, providing instate-tuition can help attract and retain talented individuals in Nebraska. Many states that have adopted similar policies have seen significant increases in college enrollment among undocumented students, which has ultimately led to a more educated workforce and boosted local economies.

On the other hand, the cost of providing instate-tuition for undocumented students is relatively small compared to potential future earnings and contributions. In fact, many studies suggest that granting access to education for these students can result in long-term benefits for both individuals and society as a whole. These include improved job skills, increased productivity, and reduced reliance on government assistance programs.

In summary, while there may be short-term costs associated with providing instate-tuition for undocumented students in Nebraska, the long-term economic benefits are likely to outweigh them significantly. By investing in these individuals’ education now, Nebraska stands to gain highly skilled workers who will contribute positively to the state’s economy for years to come.

17. Have there been any efforts to increase outreach and education about instate-tuition policies for undocumented students in Nebraska?


Yes, there have been efforts to increase outreach and education about instate-tuition policies for undocumented students in Nebraska. The following are some examples:

1. The Nebraska Department of Education (NDE) has created a resource guide for undocumented students and their families, which includes information on instate-tuition policies and other resources available to them.

2. Several colleges and universities in Nebraska have dedicated staff members or offices that provide support and resources for undocumented students, including information on instate-tuition policies.

3. Nonprofit organizations like Justice For Our Neighbors-Nebraska (JFON-NE) provide legal services and information regarding instate-tuition policies to help undocumented students navigate the process of applying for college.

4. Education campaigns, such as “Instate Tuition Now!” have been launched by advocacy groups to raise awareness about the importance of providing in-state tuition to undocumented students.

5. School districts also play a role in educating parents and students about in-state tuition policies. For instance, the Lincoln Public Schools District has partnered with JFON-NE to provide sessions on immigration-related issues, including information on in-state tuition.

6. Some colleges have also taken initiatives to make their admissions process more accessible for undocumented students, including hosting informational workshops specifically tailored to this group of students.

7. Social media has also been utilized as a platform to promote awareness of instate-tuition policies for undocumented students through campaigns and sharing relevant articles and resources.

Overall, there is ongoing effort from various organizations, institutions, and individuals to increase outreach and education about instate-tuition policies for undocumented students in Nebraska.

18. Are there any specific fields of study or majors that are excluded from receiving instate-tuition benefits for undocumented students in Nebraska?


The state of Nebraska does not have specific fields of study or majors that are excluded from receiving instate-tuition benefits for undocumented students. As long as the student meets the eligibility criteria, they can receive instate-tuition benefits regardless of their chosen field of study.

19. Do public K-12 schools in Nebraska offer any resources or support for undocumented students who may qualify for instate-tuition at the college level?


The Nebraska Department of Education does not have specific policies or programs for undocumented students who may qualify for instate-tuition at the college level. However, some public K-12 schools may offer resources and support for these students through staff members, counselors, or organizations that provide assistance with college admissions and financial aid. It is recommended that interested students reach out to their school district or individual schools to inquire about available resources. Additionally, the Nebraska State College System has a policy in place that allows undocumented students who meet certain eligibility criteria to receive instate tuition rates at Chadron State College, Peru State College, and Wayne State College.

20. What recommendations has the state government received from advocacy groups or experts on how to improve access to higher education for undocumented immigrant students, including instate-tuition rates, in Nebraska?


There is limited publicly available information on specific recommendations the state government has received from advocacy groups or experts on access to higher education for undocumented immigrant students in Nebraska. However, some recommendations that have been made by advocacy groups and experts in other states with similar populations of undocumented students may also be relevant for Nebraska.

These recommendations include:

1. Offering instate tuition rates for undocumented students: Many advocacy groups suggest that states should offer instate tuition rates for undocumented students who have grown up and attended school in the state and meet certain requirements, such as graduating from a high school in the state, filing taxes, or earning a GED. This allows these students to attend college at a more affordable rate.

2. Creating scholarship and financial aid opportunities: Some advocates recommend that states create special scholarship funds or financial aid opportunities specifically for undocumented students, as they are often not eligible for federal financial aid. This can help make higher education more accessible to these students.

3. Providing support services: Advocacy groups also suggest that states should provide support services for undocumented students, such as academic and career counseling, mental health services, and legal assistance. These services can help address some of the additional challenges faced by undocumented students in pursuing higher education.

4. Implementing policies to protect immigrant students: Experts recommend that states enact policies to protect immigrant students from discrimination and harassment on college campuses and ensure their safety.

5. Collaborating with local colleges and universities: Some advocacy organizations recommend that states work closely with their public colleges and universities to develop policies and programs specifically aimed at supporting the enrollment and success of undocumented students.

Overall, these recommendations aim to make higher education more accessible to undocumented immigrant students who have grown up in the United States but face significant barriers due to their immigration status. It is important for state governments to consider these suggestions when developing policies related to higher education access for this population of students.